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Glossary of Terms

 
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mistux
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 21, 2005 2:02 pm    Post subject: Glossary of Terms Reply with quote

Additional terms can be found HERE

Cluster
In computers, clustering is the use of multiple computers, typically PCs or UNIX workstations, multiple storage devices, and redundant interconnections, to form what appears to users as a single highly available system. Cluster computing can be used for load balancing as well as for high availability. Advocates of clustering suggest that the approach can help an enterprise achieve 99.999 availability in some cases. One of the main ideas of cluster computing is that, to the outside world, the cluster appears to be a single system.
A common use of cluster computing is to load balance traffic on high-traffic Web sites. A Web page request is sent to a "manager" server, which then determines which of several identical or very similar Web servers to forward the request to for handling. Having a Web farm (as such a configuration is sometimes called) allows traffic to be handled more quickly.

Clustering has been available since the 1980s when it was used in DEC's VMS systems. IBM's sysplex is a cluster approach for a mainframe system. Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, and other leading hardware and software companies offer clustering packages that are said to offer scalability as well as availability. As traffic or availability assurance increases, all or some parts of the cluster can be increased in size or number.

Cluster computing can also be used as a relatively low-cost form of parallel processing for scientific and other applications that lend themselves to parallel operations. An early and well-known example was the Beowulf project in which a number of off-the-shelf PCs were used to form a cluster for scientific applications.
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DNC (Distributive Numerical Control)
is a technology that allows a single computer to be networked with one or more machines that use computer numerical control (CNC). The network is typically a broadband version of Ethernet.
Using DNC, an operator can quickly load CNC programs into multiple machines. It is also possible to remove programs and replace them with updated or modified programs. CNC allows machines, such as drill presses or lathes, to perform complex and repetitive tasks automatically. In this context, DNC facilitates the remote control of multiple programmable robots.

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Load balancing
is dividing the amount of work that a computer has to do between two or more computers so that more work gets done in the same amount of time and, in general, all users get served faster. Load balancing can be implemented with hardware, software, or a combination of both. Typically, load balancing is the main reason for computer server clustering.

On the Internet, companies whose Web sites get a great deal of traffic usually use load balancing. For load balancing Web traffic, there are several approaches. For Web serving, one approach is to route each request in turn to a different server host address in a domain name system (DNS) table, round-robin fashion. Usually, if two servers are used to balance a work load, a third server is needed to determine which server to assign the work to. Since load balancing requires multiple servers, it is usually combined with failover and backup services. In some approaches, the servers are distributed over different geographic locations.
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RAM Defined can be found HERE
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Terminal Server

The Microsoft Windows Terminal Server (WTS) is a server program running on its Windows NT 4.0 (or higher) operating system that provides the graphical user interface (GUI) of the Windows desktop to user terminals that don't have this capability themselves. The latter include the relatively low-cost NetPC or "thin client" that some companies are purchasing as alternatives to the autonomous and more expensive PC with its own operating system and applications. The Windows Terminal Server was code-named "Hydra" during development.
The Windows Terminal Server has three parts: the multiuser core server itself, the Remote Desktop Protocol that enables the Windows desktop interface to be sent to the terminals by the server, and the Terminal Server Client that goes in each terminal. Users will have access to 32-bit Windows-based applications. The new terminal devices are being made by a number of vendors, including Network Computing Devices and Wyse Technologies. In addition, users of existing PCs running Windows 95 and Windows 3.11 operating systems can also access the Server and its applications. The Terminal Server can also serve terminals and workstations that run UNIX, Macintosh, or DOS operating systems that can't be upgraded to 32-bit Windows.

Co-developed with Citrix, Microsoft's Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition together with Citrix's MetaFrame product replace Citrix's WinFrame product.
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